Evolutionary theory contains two major ideas: common descent and natural selection. This theory goes back to mid-nineteenth century and Darwin. Some scholars have claimed that this theory had been given by Muslims such as Ikhwan al-Safa, Ibn Miskawayh, and Biruni. Among contemporary scholars who agree with this claim are Ebrahimzadeh, Motahari, and Azkaei. But there are scholars who disagree with this claim, among them are Nasr and Falatouri. Nasr says that those Muslims believed in "the great chain of being." And Falatouri says especifically about Biruni that he believed in some kind of gradual evolution, not a Darwinian one. In this paper we first explain these opinions. Then to clarify what is at stake, evolutionary theory and the great chain of being will be described. Criticisms and suggestions come next. We argue that because evolutinary theory was the result of gradual changes of the great chain of being, there is some truth in the ideas of the first camp. And because the great chain that those Muslims hold was of the type of that of Ibn Sina, there is also some truth in the ideas of the second camp. At last we claim that the great chain of the type that Mulla Sadra maintained is consistent with evolutionary theory.

Background: Stress is a migraine trigger. Anxiety sensitivity as a mediator between stress and disease is one of the factors affecting the symptoms of migraine. Purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of Eye MOVEMENT Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on anxiety sensitivity in patients with migraine.Methods: In this semi experimental study, 36 patients with migraine were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. Patients of experimental group received EMDR therapy, 3 sessions of 90 minutes within three weeks. Control group did not receive any medical or psychological intervention. Participants in both groups were evaluated with Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory- Revised (ASI-R) during pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up.Findings: The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that eye MOVEMENT desensitization and reprocessing reduces anxiety sensitivity (P<0.05) in patients.Conclusion: The results suggest that EMDR can be considered as one of the therapies for migraine headaches.

Obtaining reliable estimation and information about particulate matters (PM) with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micron is crucial. This is due to the PM10 serious negative impact on human health and environment. Therefore، studying the concentration and spatial pattern of the PM10 in urban cities، especially populated and industrial cities، has become a popular an important subject for researchers. For this purpose، several pollution stations have been established in different part of cities. These stations have the capability of measuring and recording the concentration amount of various pollutant including PM10، PM2. 5، and etc. however، pollution stations can measure the concentration amount of various stations precisely، their measurements are not spatially connected and only spars point observations are provided. One of mostly used and efficient methods to solve this problem is to use remote sensing data. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol contribution to apparent reflectance (ACR) are two mostly used remote sensing data which have been used to study the concentration and spatial pattern of PM10. In this study، we have adopted to use ACR images instead of AOD based on three reasons including their higher spatial resolution، spatially connected (without any gap)، and at last the absence of aerosol robotic network (AERONET) for AOD retrieved values evaluation in our study area. ACR images can be generated though a relation using red and SWIR (2. 1 µ m) bands. In particular، we can estimate the surface reflectance (SR) of the Red band from top of atmosphere reflectance (TOAR) of the SWIR (2. 1 µ m) band. This is possible based on an assumption that the aerosol’ s effect on SWIR band is negligible because of its higher wavelength. After the estimation of Red band SR، the difference between Red band SR and TOAR can be an illustration of the amount of atmospheric reflectance. In this study، moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) level-1B images identified as MOD02HKM with 500 m spatial resolution for 12 days over Tehran، Iran have been utilized. Their corresponding ground measurements of PM10 concentration from 13 pollution stations spread have been used. We have used artificial neural networks to develop the model to estimate the PM10 concentration from ACR data. This has been done in two different approaches including daily modeling (each day separately) and overall modeling (using 12 days data together). Artificial neural networks with one، two، and three hidden layers and sigmoid transfer function using the levenberg-marquardt algorithm are employed to model the relation between ACR values and corresponding PM10 concentration. Also، pollution maps are generated to investigate the spatial pattern of the PM10. In daily modeling artificial neural networks with one، two، and three layer(s) achieved 0. 769، 0. 806، and 0. 848 R2 values respectively، representing the higher capabilities of artificial neural networks with more hidden layer. However، it should be noted that the increase in the number of hidden layer will result in overfitting of the model to the training part of data. Finally، the overall modeling using artificial neural networks with one، two، and three hidden layer(s) obtained 0. 412، 0. 499، 0. 503 R2 values.

2Background and Aim: Sleep deprivation causes impairment in learning and memory. Several studies have shown the positive effect of nitric oxide on learning and memory processes. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of using L-arginine as a precursor of nitric oxide on spatial learning and memory impairment following rapid eye MOVEMENT (REM) sleep deprivation in rats was investigated. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 rats were divided into five groups: control, sleep deprivation, sleep deprivation plus triple doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg L-arginine (intraperitoneal injection). The method of multiple platforms was used to induce 72 hours of sleep deprivation. Then, the spatial learning and memory levels of all rats were checked using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Results: Administration of 200 mg/kg L-arginine attenuated the effects of REM sleep deprivation on learning, but it had no effect on memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it seems that nitric oxide can improve the negative effects of REM sleep deprivation on learning.

During the nationalization of the oil industry, political parties and groups were very active in Hamedan. The Tudeh Party was one of the parties operating in the form of associations and a united council of workers and toilers. Opposing the National MOVEMENT and Mossadegh's government, the party was often involved with the "Hamadan National MOVEMENT Supporters Association. " The trade union and the united council of workers and toilers of this party and other party organizations, such as the "House of Peace", played an effective role among the workers of Hamedan factories through their activities in the workers' strikes. The purpose of this article was to analyze the activities of the Tudeh Party and the council among the workers of Hamedan. The present article is based on data extracted from archival documents and library resources. The findings of the study show the activity of the Tudeh Party and the United Council of Workers and toilers of the Hamadan branch in opposition to the national MOVEMENT, by recruiting workers and holding labor strikes in factories in Hamadan. Thus, for the first time, the labor MOVEMENT in an organized way raised new trade unions and political-economic demands and created political and security problems for the officials of Hamedan.

In the course of development of sciences extent, thoughtful human's specialist mind has shown more opportunity for further specialization of books subject and scientific documents. Researcher human always tries to acquire reliable reponse within the minimum period of time without losing time and interruption the chain of his/ her studies and thoughts.In facing with historical writing and sources where documentation to such books and their use may be relevant in this regard, there is no alternative except for preparation of appropriate key books for each of the subject listed in them and indexed there in alphabetic order. The expansion of sciences range, preservation of originalities, prevention from types of manipulations and necessity of quick access to the given issues are the foremost reason for tendency toward lexicography and it may be said that today ease of access to the aforesaid subjects is the most important reason for paying attention to this technique. Thus, lexicography is one of the technical and scientific branches of information classification that is widely used in the field of applied communication.I may be implied that dictionaries are of the first key books and systematic writings that have been insctribed in a branch of literature and and they possess long historical root. In this course, codification of guide book for Quranic terms is not also a new task or without prior background. Hadith (Islamic Tradition) glossary has no long history but some appropriate and deserving measures have been made to create this glossary that represents an immense MOVEMENT in this field and requires adequate attention.

The concept of translation MOVEMENT is controversial, and brings several questions to mind. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the debates around the concept throughout the translation history. While surveying this phenomenon, historically, in Iran and the word, we will discuss its definition, necessity, effect (advantages and disadvantages), the socio-cultural and political factors making the ground for it, and also the prerequisites for the emergence (or establishment) of translation MOVEMENT.

Research on the MOVEMENTs such as the karmatian MOVEMENT is difficult; since, firstly in was quite secret in order to remain immune from the vexation and annoyance of the government; secondly, because these movemnts were against the existing governments, the historians and authors who appraised them in accordance with the governing body, sometimes presented biased judgments and views which were far from reality bout them. This article attempts to account for this MOVEMENT using new sources.

The student MOVEMENT is considered as one of the important issues of Iranian political sociology, but its role and its nature and its relationship with other MOVEMENTs and MOVEMENTs in Iran have been discussed. The present article is trying to answer the role and function of the student MOVEMENT in Iran. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, political currents have become instrumental in most of the contemporary social-political changes of the student MOVEMENT and have functioned and functioned in terms of activity, as in the era of this MOVEMENT, it was subjected to three streams Left (Marxism), nationalistic and religious, and in the era of the Islamic Republic in some time Fold influenced by Marxism and liberalism and then under the influence of Islamist currents, both reformists and conservatives, respectively. In other words, the student MOVEMENT in the political-social developments of Iran as the easiest financer of deceit accounts has always been in the flow of political currents and more than an independent stream, a MOVEMENT that has been affiliated with political factions and political MOVEMENTs.